![]() ![]() Life expectancy is affected by many factors, for example, behavioural risks to health such as smoking and a poor diet access to and use of health care wider socio-economic determinants such as income, education, housing and employment geography and specific characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, disability and social exclusion. Disability-free life expectancy is an estimate of the number of years lived without a self-reported long-lasting physical or mental health condition that limits daily activities. cHealthy life expectancy is an estimate of the number of years lived in ‘very good’ or ’good’ general health, based on how individuals perceive their general health.Similarly, disability-free life expectancy is almost two decades shorter than life expectancy, and is higher among males (62.4 years) than females (60.9 years). And although females live an average of 3.7 years longer than males, most of that time (3 years) is spent in poor health. ![]() In 2018–20 a female in England could expect to live 83.1 years, of which 19.3 years (23 per cent) would have been spent in ‘not good’ health. Although a male in England could expect to live 79.4 years in 2018–20, his average healthy life expectancy was only 63.1 years – ie, he would have spent 16.3 of those years (20 per cent) in ‘not good’ health. Has also increased over time, but not as much as life expectancy, so more years are spent in poor health. Life expectancy can also be calculated for specific ages, eg, age 65, which is the average lifespan for a 65-year-old person if current death rates at ages 65 and over do not change. However, if rates are falling, actual life spans will be higher than life expectancy calculated using current death rates.
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